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Birds, Bats, and Pterosaurs: Winged Flight with a Variety of Wings

When multiple lineages evolve to fill the same habitat, there is no rule that they must become similar to each other.  Rather, they retain the characters of their ancestors.  In Carboniferous times, giant dragonflies filled the skies.  In Mesozoic times, flying reptiles called pterosaurs overtook the dragonflies.  Now, the air is dominated by birds and bats.  Yet each of these four – dragonflies, pterosaurs, birds, and bats – are entirely different from each other in terms of body structure and flight propulsion.  If there were a certain type of wing best suited for flight, then we should expect to see these four converge toward a common type of wing.  Yet this is not the case.  For 400 million years, the dragonflies have kept essentially the same body plan, having no bony digits to support their wings.  In contrast, pterosaur wings were supported by a single very long bony digit on the front edge of the wing.  Yet birds' digits are short and contained deep inside the wing.  Also, birds are the only one of the four to employ feathers in flight.  If feathers are easily derived from scales, as some believe, then why were pterosaur wings so lacking in them?  Bats, for their part, exhibit a wing structure entirely different from the first three, having four very long bony digits to support their wings. 

     Therefore, natural selection does not force species to evolve the highest and best structure.  For every habitat and niche, there are a variety of structures capable of succeeding in it.  Hence, species tend to retain the structures of their ancestors, rather than develop entirely new structures.  When an ancestral structure proves inadequate, it is modified, not immediately discarded for a new structure.  Thus, animals are not perfectly adapted to their habitats.  They just make do with what they have, gradually tweaking it through the aeons to make it workable.

     Applying this to the Cambrian Explosion, one might ponder why so many different forms suddenly emerged in the Cambrian, for they did not need to diverge into such an array of various forms to fill new habitats.  Cambrian life could have retained the same basic structure of the most primitive phyla, cnidarians and sponges, and made only small adaptations over time to attain the full potential of those phyla.  There was no adaptive necessity for radically different structures to evolve in the Cambrian as they did.

Click here to find out more about sudden origins and rapid evolution in the fossil record.

The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts.  Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is born from blind arrogance and stupidity.  The angels caused evolution to occur from species to species.  There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among them.  Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1.  Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis is indeed corrupted.  Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve.  Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ, and also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos.  Such are the ancient Christian writings.

Sciencevindicates the truth of these ideas.  Evolution often happens too fast for Darwin’s theory.  Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together with natural selection.  Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before us.  The fossil record reveals strange clues that aliens abducted species and transported them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid species.  Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and they are the gods of the world’s religions. 

This is not fiction.  All these facts are thoroughly documented in the links above.

 

Above:  Archaeopteryx, the famous link between birds and dinosaurs.  Notice unmistakable bird feathers have been impressed into the rock.  Also notice the three-fingered hands with claws.  This feature confirms that it must have been related to the carnivorous theropod dinosaurs which had the same type of three-fingered clawed hand.

THIS SECTION:

SUDDEN ORIGINS AND RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FOSSIL RECORD

 

Above: Survival of the Fittest is the harsh reality of this dark and wicked cosmos.

Below: But some evolutionary transitions happened too fast for Survival of the Fittest to be the cause.