s 9 s
Fossil Frankensteins
The
Horse-Gorilla
To
assert that a bunch of angels procreated new species by cross-breeding with
humans and animals is an extraordinarily wild theory to say the least; and, as
they say, extraordinary theories demand extraordinary evidence.
The
chalicotheres were horse-like creatures (i.e. - perissodactyls); however,
unlike horses, they walked on their knuckles as gorillas do. Also, unlike horses, but like apes, the front
limbs of the Chalicotheres were significantly longer than their hind
limbs. Interestingly, they started
walking on their knuckles about the same time that the first apes appear in the
fossil record. Yet chalicotheres and apes
were apparently not related, because their recognized ancestors, the first
perissodactyls and primates, arrived 30 million years earlier, about 55 million
years ago. One must consider the
probability that knuckle walking evolved twice, and that it just happened to
evolve at the same time in two unrelated lineages, which also just happened to
have long front limbs. The probabilities
of this happening by natural means are rather small.
Therefore,
we may postulate a more paranormal explanation, which involves the copying and
pasting of genetic material from the apes into the chalicotheres.
In
addition to walking on their knuckles, the chalicotheres had claws on their
feet instead of hooves or toes. This was
unparalleled among the perissodactyls, and may suggest the chalicotheres shared
DNA with carnivores or some other animal with claws.
The
chalicotheres are something of a head scratcher, because they were very large
yet extremely picky about what they ate.
Their picky eating habits are known from their teeth, which show very
little wear. Like most large herbivores,
they must have had to eat constantly.
Yet if they only chose the most tender vegetation, then they must have
been rather inefficient and poorly adapted as an herbivore, for they would have
been even more pressed for time to look for suitable food that did not wear
down their teeth. Their ability to
escape from predators is also believed to have been poor, since knuckle-walking
is necessarily slow.[1] Apes get by with it because they can climb up
into trees and thus escape predators.
But the chalicotheres were too big and clumsy for that. They were sitting ducks.
One
must ask, how could such an animal evolve by natural selection in the first
place? Perhaps they did not evolve by
natural selection at all, but rather by paranormal selection, from angels who manipulated
their DNA.
Frankenstein
Has Flippers
Whales
and dolphins are generally believed to be the descendents of four-legged
meat-eating terrestrial beasts of the Paleocene called mesonychids. Unique triangular teeth and a long snout
constitute shared characters among both mesonychids and primitive whales. However, a number of other characters tie the
earliest whales closer to the artiodactyls a lineage including cows, deer,
antelope, pigs, camels, etc. The early
whales shared similar ankles and long toe bones with the primitive
artiodactyls, as well as several other characters. In short, the early whales had a head like a
mesonychid, but a foot like an artiodactyl.[2]
Molecular
evidence demonstrates that whales are actually most closely related to the
hippopotamus.[3]
[4] This is surprising because the hippopotamus
does not even appear in the fossil record until 16 million year ago about 40
million years after the first whales
appeared.[5] The only artiodactyls dating back to the
times of the earliest whales bare more resemblance to the cattle-like and
pig-like clans of the artiodactyls, not to the hippopotamus. Thewissen et al concluded that whales are not
closely related to hippos, nor to mesonychids, but rather are close kin to some
other kind of ungulate within artiodactyla.[6]
Although
it is well established that the whales came from some kind of primitive
ungulate (hoofed mammal), the precise placement of whales within the ungulates
continues to elude science. Perhaps the
best way to view the evidence is right under our nose: Early whales were a combination of
flesh-eating mesonychids, plant-eating primitive cattle, and the anachronistic
hippopotamus. They came not from one
lineage, but rather from a mixture of three one of which, the hippo, was not
even on the planet until 40 million years after the fact! In this case, not only was the cross-breeding
a mystery, but also the appearance of mystery hippo DNA 40 million years before
it came about.
Could
the earliest whales have been fossil frankensteins? Did angels cut and paste DNA together from
three different ungulate lineages?
Bambi Is
Frankenstein in Disguise
In the jungles of Asia there exists a deer
called Muntiacus. Muntiacus is a barking saber-toothed
deer. Like an ice-age prehistoric
saber-toothed tiger, its canine teeth are very long. Like a dog, it barks. Yet it is a deer. The Chinese Water Deer Hydropotes is another saber-toothed deer.[7] Unlike most deer, these deer do not travel in
herds or harems. Rather, they are solitary. This is akin to the social behavior, or
rather anti-social behavior, of saber-toothed tigers and other cats.
These deer are not crypto-beasts like the
Loch Ness monster. On the contrary, my
deer Watson, these deer are known to science.
The question is, why do these deer, these non-predators, bark and have
saber-like teeth as predators do?
Deer like these are also known from the
fossil record, including Aletomeryx, Tragulus, and Hypertragulus. These were also saber-toothed deer. Aletomeryx
appears in the fossil record with small horn growths like those on a
giraffe. Tragulus is called the "mouse deer" because it is so
small.
Humpback Horn Nose
Long
before there were deer and elk running around in the woods, there were
protoceritidae. These animals had horns
on their heads like deer, and a mode of life similar to that of deer, but they
were actually primitive camels. In
addition to two horns atop the head, as we are accustomed to see on deer and moose
and elk, they also grew horns on their noses.
Some of these horns were quite long, and they were also forked in the
middle, such that two branches of horn would sprout up right in front of the
poor animal's two eyes.
What,
pray tell, is the evolutionary advantage of such a contraption? Didn't the horns on the nose block the
animal's line of vision? And, if they
did use the horn for some violent or competitive purpose, wouldn't it have
increased the incidence of bloody noses?
One might postulate that they used these horns as weapons, or for the
males to butt heads with when competing for a mate. But they already had horns on their head, so
the horns on the nose were redundant and ill adapted. Seeing no real evolutionary advantage to such
an abnormality, we might propose that this poor beast was genetically
engineered by the angels as a joke and that they perpetuated the joke after
the lineage became extinct by telling us stories about unicorns.
Mammal Lizard
Peneteius
was a lizard that lived toward the end of the reign of the dinosaurs. It was different from all other lizards in
that it had molars, much like the molars of a mammal. Although there were other heterodont lizards,
Peneteius was unique in some key
ways. Much like mammals, but unlike
other heterodont reptiles, Peneteius' uppers
and lowers did not grind on each other.
This made another unique feature possible its teeth did not have to be
constantly replaced. This is dissimilar
to dinosaurs and other reptiles which continuously replace their teeth as they
wear out from grinding against each other.
Also, its uppers were different from its lowers, and the cusps of its
molars are more mammal-like than any other reptile.[8] Could it be that angels mixed lizard DNA with
mammal DNA, thereby giving these lizards molar teeth?
Grave Robber
Once
upon a time there lived a certain mammal named Necrolestes. Its name means
"Stealing the Dead," and that's exactly what it seems to have done in
order to build its body type. It was an
odd assortment of characteristics from various animals, including some taken
from other animals that had been extinct for tens of millions of years even
before it came about. Is it possible
that this strange animal resulted from DNA exchange between species? According to Asher et al,
Necrolestes has posed an enigma for multiple
generations of paleontologists. Despite
the high quality of its osteological remains, making sense of its relationships
within the framework of modern mammal diversity has proven difficult.
So difficult, in fact, that six
entirely different groups of animals have been listed as possibilities for its
classification. Its cheek teeth look
like those of Gondwanatheres, a primitive mammal from the K-T Boundary 65
million years ago. Its digital flexor
tendon looks like that of a marsupial mole, but its mandibular angle is not
like that of a marsupial. Its incisors
and fibula look metatherian. In short, Necrolestes is a puzzling mix of various
characteristics of its contemporaries, combined with characteristics from
species that went extinct 20 million years before its time.[9] It's as if the angels, in order to invent
this creature, mixed up DNA stir fry extracted from a bunch of different
animals, and then threw in some 20 million year old DNA they had kept on ice.
Kelba
About
22 to 12.5 million years ago lived another rather mysterious beast called
Kelba.[10] Kelba has been classified all over the
map. Savage, who first identified the
genus in 1965, placed it among the Oxyclaeninae,[11] a
misunderstood family of early Cenozoic mammals who were first thought to be
early carnivores related to dogs, cats, bears, weasels, walruses, etc, but
later were believed to be among the creodonts, an unrelated group of meat
eaters and omnivores, but then they were reshuffled to the broad grouping
condylartha, which were ancestral to a multitude of entirely dissimilar
mammals.[12] Yet McKenna and Bell still placed it among
the carnivores, albeit too uncertain for placement in a specific family.[13] Cote et al suggest that Kelba might be placed
within Afrotheria, thus related to the elephants, sea cows, and aardvarks.[14] Van Valen classified Kelba in a family of
insect eaters called Pantolestidae,[15]
which were five toed condylarths.
Morales et al classified Kelba as a relative of the vivets,[16]
which are nocturnal solitary hunters of the rainforest having a mode of life
similar to cats.
Despite
being preserved as several fossils, Kelba is a subject of perplexity. Perhaps the beast's similarity to a variety
of forms could be understandable if it were among the earliest mammals, before
they diverged. However, Kelba is too
recent to be a primitive mammal. Kelba
lived in the range of 22 to 12.5 million years ago. By then, the condylarths had already
undergone their major adaptive radiations some 30-40 million years
earlier. Like Necrolestes, Kelba is a
mystery animal, seemingly related to many species.
Fishy Mammal Reptiles
The
ichthyosaurs were a distinct lineage of marine reptiles from the time of the
dinosaurs. Superficially, they looked
like a cross between a dolphin and a fish.
They were reptiles, yet their propulsion mechanisms superficially
resembled fish in terms of fins and tails.
They also resembled mammals in that they gave birth to live young
instead of laying eggs like other reptiles.
We can see this from fossils which sometimes capture the fully formed
skeleton of a juvenile inside its mother.
This aspect of their nature is known from the mid Triassic forward,[17]
which is a likely indicator that ichthyosaurs possessed this trait from the
beginnings of their origins, since they don't go back much further than the mid
Triassic. Another clade of marine
reptiles, the nothosaurs, might have also given birth rather than laying eggs.[18]
The
threefold mixture of fish anatomy, reptile ancestry, and a mammal-like
reproductive system may indicate that the genome of the ichthyosaurs was
comprised of a successful splicing and dicing of fish and mammal DNA with
reptilian DNA. The fact that
ichthyosaurs suddenly emerged without any known ancestors makes the notion of a
frankenstein fish all the more likely.
Frankenstein Sharks
Sharks
have changed little since they first became widespread in the Devonian, yet
their origins prior to the Devonian are still shrouded in mystery. Shark scales can be found as early as the the
Ordovician[19]
and early Silurian.[20] This is problematic for two reasons. First, this extends the sharks at least 30
million years back in time before they became common; and second, sharks have
jaws and teeth, which apparently did not evolve until later.
A
less problematic date for the arrival of sharks is the late Silurian about 418
million years ago, since that is the date of the oldest dental laminate.[21] The first fish with jaws and teeth, the acanthodians,
emerged about that time.[22] [23] As such, the acanthodians are the presumed
ancestor of all fish with jaws. This
includes sharks.
The
question is, how can we explain early Silurian and Ordovician reports of shark
scales, when they predate the arrival of the sharks presumed ancestors, the
acanthodians? If sharks came from
acanthodians, and the acanthodians did not arrive until 418 million years ago,
then how do we explain shark scales from more than 440 million years ago? One possibility is that the scales belonged
to various jawless fish or conodonts.
Certain jawless fish and conodonts had scales that were very similar to
shark scales.[24]
Is
it therefore possible that the sharks evolved from jawless fish and conodonts,
not from acanthodians? If yes, then we
must consider the likelihood that jaws evolved twice among fish, once among the
acanthodians and again among sharks. And
how likely is it that these parallel evolutionary events would have happened to
coincide in the late Silurian? If such a
coincidence is considered improbable, then we must maintain the conventional
view that the sharks evolved from the acanthodians. Yet if we maintain this view, then how is it
that shark scales resemble the scales of certain jawless fish and
conodonts?
One
solution to this dilemma is the possibility that the early sharks were
frankensteins. Angels combined the tooth
and jaw DNA of the acanthodians with the scale DNA of the jawless fish and
conodonts, thereby creating the sharks as hybrids.
Five Eyed Frankenstein
Opabinia was a Cambrian animal with five
eyes. Apart from the obvious, what makes
five eyes so strange is that it violates the principle of bilateral symmetry
something which characterizes all animal life from worms to insects to humans, ever
since we split with jellyfish and sponges.
Opabinia also had a long
nose. On the end of its nose was a
gripper. The gripper was comprised of
spines that functioned sort of like fingers or pinchers.[25] Opabinia's
body was segmented into parts. In this
manner, it was like an arthropod, only without antennae,[26]
and arthropods are part of the larger group bilateria. Since it lacks bilateral symmetry with regard
to its eyes yet otherwise seems to be a bilaterian, it remains something of an
anomaly.
Another
Cambrian creature that also may have had more than two eyes was Myoscolex.
It is notoriously hard to categorize this creature. Myoscolex
had a muscular trunk like an arthropod, which would make it family with
lobsters and insects, but it lacked head appendages. It had dorso-ventral differentiation and
gonads, like the primitive chordates humans later came from. Yet unlike chordates, it had legs coming out
of its belly. In this, it was like the
polychaete worms, which were not related to chordates or arthropods. Its body wall and intestines resembled that
of still another group, the nemathelmintha, which are entirely unrelated to
chordates. Dzik concludes Myoscolex was an early annelid worm at
the base of the split between arthropods and chordate-like forms.[27] If true, this would mean that Myoscolex is not so much a fossil
frankenstein as it is a witness to just how fast evolution can happen. If a creature like this retained so many
characters of so many different phyla as late as the Cambrian, it means it is
near the base of the divergence of the phyla, and is therefore a testimony to
the fact that the split between the major phyla happened not much earlier than
the Cambrian thus confirming the reality of rapid evolution during the
Cambrian Explosion.
This
is also exemplified in the primitive chordate Nectocaris. Simonetta
believed Nectocaris was a chordate.[28] But it had a segmented body, crustacean-like
eyes, appendages from the head, and a carapace-like shield on the head traits
more akin with arthropods than chordates.[29] Thus, either Nectocaris is a fossil frankenstein, or else it is an intermediate
form so close to the base of the divergence of arthropods and chordates that it
confirms the reality of rapid evolution in the Cambrian Explosion.
These
Cambrian animals, which exemplify traits of multiple phyla, even to the extent
that they cannot be classified, are a testimony to the extraordinarily rapid,
diverse, and in some cases frankensteinish pattern of evolutionary activity
during the Cambrian Explosion.
Tully Monster
Another
bizarre creature with some weird appendage growing out of its nose is the 300
million year old Tully Monster. No, it
snot the toilet monster. It's Tully
Monster. Tully Monster crawled around in
the shallow oceans, with a claw dangling from its long nose. Apparently, it had a soft body like a
chordate, but its body was also segmented like the hard bodied arthropods, and
so paleontologists debate which of the two groups it was related to. According to Wicander and Monroe, "there
presently is no consensus as to what phylum the Tully Monster belongs or to
what animals it might be related."[30] Perhaps angelic cross-breeding caused it to
be related to more than one group, and for this reason it is difficult to
classify. One thing is for sure Tully
Monster was long after the Cambrian Explosion, and so if it is a mix of chordate
and arthropod, this indicates splicing and dicing of DNA, not retention of
diverse traits.
Wiwaxia
One
of the freaks to come out of the Cambrian Explosion was a spiny little animal
that was every bit as weird as its unique name Wiwaxia. The list of
candidates for what this thing might be runs the gamut from slug to worm to
mollusk. Wiwaxia's appearance was that of an underwater porcupine. It had spines around the upper side of its
body. Morris proposed that Wiwaxia was slug-like.[31] Gould, for his part, believed Wiwaxia was most closely affiliated with
mollusks.[32] Morris asserted that it bore resemblance to a
slug named Halkieriid, but Gould
questioned him based on the absence of legs on Wiwaxia and on Halkieriid's
armored plates.[33] Butterfield asserted that the 520 million
year old creature was a worm of sorts, but more like an earthworm, because its
sclerites were of a similar nature to the hair-like quills of earthworms.[34] But the presence of sclerites might also
indicate its kinship with Chancelloria,
another scleritome organism which sat on the bottom of the sea something like a
mollusk.[35] Wiwaxia
also resembles the polychaetes, which are segmented marine worms with
appendages on each segment sort of like centipedes except the appendages are more
like clumps of stiff hair than like legs.
Perhaps
the reason why Wiwaxia is so hard to
classify is because it takes its DNA from all of the above. Maybe some heavenly entities were cutting and
splicing DNA from slugs, worms, mollusks, and polychaetes resulting in the
frankenstein fossil Wiwaxia. Angels might have done this for a joke, to
laugh at the monsters that resulted from their lust. As Martin said, "Wiwaxia, Opabinia, and Amiskwia
look like concoctions made for a children's cartoon series."[36]
Haplophrentis
Another
oddball to come out of the Cambrian Explosion is the strange conical
mollusk-type creature Haplophrentis. This animal was a shelled bottom dweller
without legs, much like mollusks, but what made it unusual was its two appendages
coming from the anterior, called "helens." These appendages evidently functioned like
oars, rowing the animal along in the mud.[37] Appendages from the head were common among
Cambrian arthropods, such as trilobites and the various arachnomorphs, but were
atypical of bottom dwelling shelled fauna.
This crossover trait is plausible evidence for angelic interference,
insofar as an unknown intelligence may have copied from arthropods the DNA
sequence for head appendages and pasted it into the genome of the otherwise
mollusk-like Haplophrentis.
Uncertain Placement
A
large number of species discovered by paleontologists are classified
"incertae sedis," which is Latin for "uncertain
placement." In other words, the
ancestry and categorization of a particular life form is not known. Perhaps many of these are difficult to
categorize for this reason: paranormal
forces manipulated the path of evolution at such a speed, and with such splicing
and dicing, that their affinities cannot be ascertained.
Frankenstein
at the United Nations
The headquarters of the United Nations
sits in the center of Manhattan, just outside
New York City. On the ground floor,
there is a small dark room called "The Meditation Room," so named
because it serves as the spiritual sanctuary of the UN, where people are
supposed to go and contemplate the meaning of light shining on a large block of
iron situated in the room. The room is
in the shape of a truncated pyramid, like the pyramid on the back of the one
dollar bill, and there are 11 benches inside the room on which people may sit
and meditate. It is 18 feet wide, 33
feet long, and the block of iron weighs 13,000 pounds. In numerology, 11 is the number of the New
Age of Aquarius, 18 is 6+6+6, 33 is the number of Freemasonry, and 13 is the
number of witchcraft.[38]
Just outside The Meditation Room, there is
a large stained glass window. Pictured
in the glass there is a creature with the head of a woman, the front paw of an
elephant, and the hind hoof of a cow.
Below her, a snake is coiled in an "S," perhaps for
Satan. The stained glass also pictures
men with heads like donkeys, a woman with wings like a bird, and in the upper
right corner there is a man in the crucifix position whose face has been
blotted out such that his identity is indistinguishable.
What is the meaning of this stained glass
window? And why is it situated just
outside the spiritual center of the United Nations? It has the general appearance of a stained
glass window one might find inside a church.
The very center of the stained glass window deliberately pictures a
human woman who has the legs of elephants and cattle. This must have some meaning. Perhaps the cosmocrators have made contact
with the elohim, and have come to understand that the elohim genetically
bastardized the creatures of earth into frankensteins mixing their DNA with
that of cows, elephants, donkeys, and birds.
Frankenstein
Demons
As
we have discussed, the ancient literature implies that the angels tinkered with
the genome of their victims, apparently cutting and pasting together the DNA of
various humans, angels, and animals. In
his bestseller, The 12th
Planet, Zecharia Sitchin pointed
to ancient Mesopotamian records that contained etchings of beast-men, and
asserted that space aliens had created humans by means of trial and error
mostly error. They spliced and diced DNA
from lower hominids, and created freakish humans who quickly died from mass
mutation, until finally they chanced upon the design for Homo sapiens. Sitchin also
describes depictions of men with wings, others with legs and horns like goats,
bull-men, lion-men, men with horse hooves, and a single human with two heads
one male, one female. Horses also were
in the mix. Some had the head of a dog
or the tail of a fish.[39] This is at least circumstantial evidence to
support the theory of angelic manipulation of DNA, yet for the record, I do not
subscribe to all of Sitchen's ideas.
The
Gilgamesh epic includes an account of the conception and birth of the large
hairy animal-man Enkidu, who became the friend of Gilgamesh.
There were stars in the
heavens. One fell down toward me, as if
it were among the heavenly host
[40] Gilgamesh, someone like you has indeed been
born in the wild grasslands
[41] A god-like peer has arrived for
Gilgamesh."[42]
As in Enoch, the falling of a
star symbolizes the descent of a heavenly being such as an angel or god. It is the harbinger to procreation between
humans and angels.
Enkidu
appears to have been a frankenstein monster of sorts, patched together from
animal DNA and human DNA. The epic
recounts that Enkidu's "whole body is covered with hair," and
"he eats grass with the antelope."[43] Like the celebrated Roman demi-gods Romulus
and Remus, Enkidu "sucked the milk of wild animals."[44] The text asks Enkidu,
Enkidu, you are like a god. Why do you wander with the animals, grazing
in the wild grasslands?[45]
It
is further outlined in The Testament of Solomon, an apocryphal Jewish text,
that these angel-animal-human hybrids become demons in the afterlife. The principle Zoroastrian demon Akkoman, who
is called Asmodeus in the Judea-Christian tradition, is recorded to have told
King Solomon, "Although I was born from a human mother, I am the son of an
angel."[46] Another demon is said to have the chest and
stomach of a beautiful woman, but the legs of a jackass. She reports, "I have a many-sided
character." Solomon asked her where
she came from, to which she replied that she traced her origin to a place
called "the black heaven."[47] Another demon attests, "I am the ghost
of a giant who died."[48] The story describes several other demons who
show signs of being the disembodied spirits of hybrid species. Among them are humans, cows, and reptiles,
which have faces like birds, the sphinx, and other beasts. When Solomon asked them who they were, they
replied, "We are 36 heavenly entities the rulers of the darkness of this
world."[49] The number 36 is significant, because when
all the numbers from 1 to 36 are added together, the total is 666.[50]
To
hell with demons. Let's talk about
angels.
[1] Haines, Tim; Chambers, Paul. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. 2006, Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY, p 177
[2] Madar, S I; Thewissen, J G M; Hussain, S T. Additional Holotype Remains of Ambulocetus Natans(Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their Implications for Locomotion in Early Whales. 2002, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2), p 405-422
[3] Shimamura, M; Yasua, H; Ohshmia, K; Abe, H; Kato, H; Kishiro, T; Gotos, M; Munechikai, I; Okada, N. Molecular Evidence from Retroposons that Whales form a Clade within Even-toed Ungulates. 1997, Nature 388, p 666-670
[4] Nikaido, M; Rooney, A P; Okada, N. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Cetartiodactyls Based on Insertions of Short and Long Interspersed Elements: Hippopotamuses are the Closest Extant Relatives of Whales. 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 96, p 10261-10266
[5] Theodor, Jessica M. Molecular Clock Divergence Estimates and the Fossil Record of Cetartiodactyla. 2004, Journal of Paleontology 78(1), p 39-44
[6] Thewissen, J G M; Williams, E M; Roe, L J; Hussain, S T. Skeletons of Terrestrial Cetaceans and the Relationship of Whales to Artiodoctyls. 2001, Nature 413, p 277
[7] De Panafieu, Jean-Baptist, (text author); Gries, Patrick, (photographer). Evolution. 2007, Editions Xavier Barral, Paris, France. English version translated by Asher, Linda, 2007, Seven Stories Press, New York, NY, p 109-111
[8] Nydam, Randall L; Gauthier, Jacques A; Chiment, John L. The Mammal-Like Teeth of the Late Cretaceous Lizard Peneteius Aquilonius Estes 1969 (Squamata, Teiidae). 2000, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3), p 628-631
[9] Asher, Rober J; Horovitz, Ines; Martin, Thomas; Sanchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. Neither a Rodent nor a Platypus: A Reexamination of Necrolestes Patagonensis Ameghino. 2007, American Museum of Natural History 3546, New York, NY, p 1-36
[10] Cote, Susanne; Werdelin, Lars; Seiffert, Erik R; Barry, John C. Additional Material for the Enigmatic Early Miocene Mammal Kelba and Its Relationship to the Order Ptolemaiida. 2007, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, PNAS, 5510-5515, Vol 4, No 13
[11] Savage, R. Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa. 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 10, p 230-316
[12] Cote, Susanne; Werdelin, Lars; Seiffert, Erik R; Barry, John C. Additional Material for the Enigmatic Early Miocene Mammal Kelba and Its Relationship to the Order Ptolemaiida. 2007, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, PNAS, 5510-5515, Vol 4, No 13
[13] McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susan K. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. 1997, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, p 227
[14] Cote, Susanne; Werdelin, Lars; Seiffert, Erik R; Barry, John C. Additional Material for the Enigmatic Early Miocene Mammal Kelba and Its Relationship to the Order Ptolemaiida. 2007, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA, PNAS, 5510-5515, Vol 4, No 13
[15] Van Valen, L. New Paleocene Insectivores and Insectivore Classification. 1967, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol 135, p 217-284
[16] Morales, J; Pickford, M; Salesa, M; Soria, D. The Systematic Status of Kelba (Savage, 1965), Kenyalutra (Schmidt-Kittler, 1987), and Ndamathaia (Jacobs et al., 1987): Viverridae, Mammalia and a Review of Early Miocene Mongoose-like Carnivores of Africa. 2000, Annales de Paleontologie, Vol 86, p 243-251
[17] Dal Sasso, C; Pinna, G. A New Shastasaurid Ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Besano. 1996, Paleontologia Lombarda N S 4, p 1-24
[18] Renesto, Silvio; Lombardo, Cristina; Tintori, Andrea; Danini, Gianluca. Nothosaurid Embryos from the Middle Triassic of Northern Italy: An Insight into the Vivaparity of Nothasaurs? 2003, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(4), p 957-960
[19] Sansom, I J; Smith, M M; Smith, M P. Scales of Thelodont and Shark-like Fishes from the Ordovician of Colorado. 1996, Nature 379, p 628-630
[20] Karatajute-Talimaa, V; Novitskaya, L I; Rozman, H S; Sodov, Z. Mongolepis A New Lower Silurian Genus of Elasmobranch from Mongolia. 1990, Paleontological Journal 1, p 76-86
[21] Botella, Hector. The Oldest Fossil Evidence of a Dental Lamina in Sharks. 2006, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(4), p 1002-1003
[22] Burrow, Carole J. A Redescription of Atopacanthus Dentatus Hussakof and Bryant, 1918 (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthidae). 2004, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(2), p 257-267
[23] Karatajute-Talimaa, Valentina; Smith, Moya Meredith. Early Acanthodians from the Lower Silurian of Asia. 2003, Royal Society of Edinburgh, Transactions, Earth Sciences 93(3), p 277-299
[24] Marss, Tiiu. Exoskeletal Ultrasculpture of Early Vertebrates. 2006, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2), p 235-252
[25] Briggs, Derek E G; Erwin, Douglas H; Collier, Frederick J; Clark, Chip. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale. 1994, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, p 42
[26] Whittington, H B. The Enigmatic Animal Opabinia Regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. 1975, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 271(910), p 1-43
[27] Dzik, Jerzy. Anatomy and Relationships of the Early Cambrian Worm Myoscolex. 2004, Zoologica Scripta, p 32, 56-69
[28] Simonetta, A M. Is Nectocaris Pteryx a Chordate? 1988, Bolletino di Zoologica 55, p 63-68
[29] Briggs, Derek E G; Erwin, Douglas H; Collier, Frederick J; Clark, Chip. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale. 1994, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, p 209
[30] Wicander, Reed; Monroe, James S. Historical Geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time, 4th Ed. 2004, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Belmont, CA, p 195
[31] Morris, Simon Conway. The Middle Cambrian Metazoan Wiwaxia Corrugata (Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and Ogygopsis Shale, British Columbia, Canada. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 307, p 507-582
[32] Gould, Stephen J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. 1989, W W Norton & Company, NY,
[33] Morris, Simon Conway; Gould, Stephen J. Showdown on the Burgess Shale. Natural History Magazine, 107 (10), p 48-55.
[34] Butterfield, Nicholas J. A Reassessment of the Enigmatic Burgess Shale Fossil Wiwaxia Corrugata (Matthew) and Its Relationship to the Polycaete Canadia Spinosa (Walcott). 1990, Paleobiology 16, No 3, p 287-303
[35] Briggs, Derek E G; Erwin, Douglas H; Collier, Frederick J; Clark, Chip. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale. 1994, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, p 42
[36] Martin, Robert A. Missing Links: Evolutionary Concepts & Transitions Through Time. 2004, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA, p 112
[37] Briggs, Derek E G; Erwin, Douglas H; Collier, Frederick J; Clark, Chip. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale. 1994, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, p 113
[38] Meyer, David J. Last Trumpet Newsletter Vol 18 Issue 8, Aug 1999, Last Trumpet Ministries, www.lasttrumpetministries.org, Beaver Dam, WI
[39] Sitchin, Zecharia. The 12th Planet. 1976, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY, p 346-348
[40] Gilgamesh Epic 1.5.27-28 of Assyrian tablet & 2.1.6-7 of Old Babylonian Pennsylvania tablet
[41] Gilgamesh Epic 2.1.17-18 of Old Babylonian Pennsylvania tablet
[42] Gilgamesh Epic 2.5.26-27 of Old Babylonian Pennsylvania tablet
[43] Gilgamesh Epic 1.2.35-39 of Assyrian tablet
[44] Gilgamesh Epic 2.3.1-2 & 2.5.20-21 of Old Babylonian Pennsylvania tablet
[45] Gilgamesh Epic 2.2.11-13 of Old Babylonian Pennsylvania tablet
[46] Testament of Solomon 5:3
[47] Testament of Solomon 4:2-8
[48] Testament of Solomon 17:1-2
[49] Testament of Solomon 18:1-3, see also Ephesians 6:12
[50] Meyer, David J. Last Trumpet Newsletter Vol 26 Issue 8, Aug 2007, Last Trumpet Ministries, www.lasttrumpetministries.org, Beaver Dam, WI, p 2