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Tetrapod Migration Away from Old Red Sandstone The earliest legged vertebrates are called
tetrapods. They arose first on Old Red
Sandstone, where they were geographically confined for a short while.[1] Old Red Sandstone was comprised of eastern
North America, Greenland, and transalpine Europe, which were at that time
joined as a single, tropical continent.
But tetrapod fossils soon appeared in other widely diverse
locations. The first tetrapods in China
appear at 355 million years ago.[2] China was at that time a series of large
islands on the other side of the world, and was separated by a vast ocean. The tetrapods also spread to Australia about
the same time, as known from the discovery of Metaxygnathus.[3] By
333 million years ago, tetrapods in Australia were diverse, advanced, and they
represented those known elsewhere in the world.[4] Interestingly, the tetrapods in Australia
looked a lot like those in North America, implying that some kind of migration
occurred. The wide
distribution of terrestrial and fresh water tetrapods raises interesting
questions on how migrations happened.
Ahlberg et al, who described the Australian specimen, suggest that the
conventional wisdom concerning the position of the continents is just plain
wrong, and that Australia was further north and nearly adjacent to Greenland.[5] Daeschler pointed to the fact that early
tetrapods existed on North America, Europe, Eurasia, and Australia; and
therefore surmised that tetrapod migrations to such diverse locales must be
explained either in terms of the tetrapods' abilities to navigate salt water
oceans or by continental connections.[6] Carroll submitted that they at least
inhabited the coastal waters, pointing to the marine affinities of Tulerpeton.[7] As a case
in point, the proto-tetrapod-like lungfish Soederberghia
has been found in southeastern Australia, which is on the other side of the
world from Greenland, where it was first found.
Southeastern Australia was at that time located very close to the South
Pole. Greenland, in contrast, was smack
dab on the equator, and halfway around the globe. It is strange to find the same genus
occupying such diverse ecosystems.
Moreover, this fish was confined to fresh water and estuaries. We know because it is only found in fossil
beds where marine invertebrates are lacking.
In the Devonian, there was a very large ocean separating Greenland on
one hand from Australia on the other – the former being part of Old Red
Sandstone and the latter being part of Gondwana. How did this non-marine fish get across that
ocean? Thulborn
et al described North America, which was connected to Greenland, as being
"virtually at the opposite pole of the Early Carboniferous globe"
from Australia. To overcome this, they
asserted that Gondwana had already collided with North America, thus linking
Old Red Sandstone to Gondwana, and that Australia was in a tropical location –
somehow being positioned northeastward from its presumed near Antarctic
position.[8] Yet, if
Australia was tropical, then Antarctica was temperate, since it was connected
to Australia's southern edge at the time; and if Antarctica was temperate, then
why don't we find tetrapods on Antarctica at that time? Tetrapods took a lot longer to get to
Antarctica, where they first appeared in the earliest Triassic, over 100
million years since they first appeared on Old Red Sandstone, China, and
Australia.[9] Moreover, the Carboniferous ice age scarred
Antarctica with glaciers – hardly the mark of a temperate climate. To surmount the Carboniferous ice age
problem, it must be supposed that Australia-Antarctica sped southward from the
tropics to the South Pole in about 20 or 25 million years – a speed much greater
than that which hurled India into Tibet thus forming the Himalayas. In terms of climate and the Antarctic fossil
record, it is perhaps better to stick with the original map drawn by plate
tectonics, which shows Antarctica near the South Pole, and hence Gondwana still
a good ways south of Old Red Sandstone, not in collision with it. This is more consistent with what we know of
the Carboniferous era than supposing Australia was tropical. If this more conventional map is accepted,
then the tetrapods must have traversed cold ocean water to the other side of
the world in Australia. Or, if
cold ocean water be thought too harsh for them, they were airlifted by
extraterrestrials. If we
assume that continental connections between Gondwana and Old Red Sandstone were
already happening in the late Devonian, then why don't we find any early
tetrapods in Africa? The point of
contact between the two super-continents happened along the Morocco-Appalachian
mountain ranges, at a time when they were positioned in the tropics. The tetrapod-rich fossil beds that are found
in Pennsylvania and eastern Canada are lacking in northwestern Africa. Where are the tetrapods of Morocco? This
problem can be submitted as evidence for a supernatural or extraterrestrial
presence in distant antiquity, which transported living creatures to places
they could not otherwise have traveled. Read more about alien abduction in the fossil record. The creationist narrative in Genesis 1 is contradicted by many ancient Christian texts. Instead of an Almighty Creator God, ancient Christian texts espouse that the universe is born from blind arrogance and stupidity. The angels caused evolution to occur from species to species. There are many gods, (or aliens?), and the Christian God is just one among them. Satan the Devil writes scripture, and thus the Bible was polluted with Genesis 1. Archaeology and modern scholarship demonstrate that Genesis is indeed corrupted. Cavemen walk with Adam and Eve. Esoteric prophecies reveal the coming of Christ, and also reveal the dark forces that govern the cosmos. Such are the ancient Christian writings. Science vindicates the truth of these ideas. Evolution often happens too fast for Darwin’s theory. Gaps in the fossil record indicate that some kind of unnatural force acts together with natural selection. Astrobiology reveals that intelligent life probably evolved long before us. The fossil record reveals strange clues that aliens abducted species and transported them across oceans, and that DNA from diverse lineages was combined to spawn hybrid species. Evidently, aliens influence evolution, and they are the gods of the world’s religions. This is not fiction. All these facts are thoroughly documented in the links above.
[1] Clack, Jennifer A. Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. 2002, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, p 97 [2] Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao. First Devonian Tetrapod from Asia. 2002, Nature 420, p 760 [3] Campbell, K S W; Bell, M W. A Primitive Amphibian from the Late Devonian of New South Wales. 1977, Alcheringa 1, p 369-381 [4] Thulborn, Tony; Warren, Anne; Turner, Susan; Hamley, Tim. Early Carboniferous Tetrapods in Australia. 1996, Nature 381, p 777-779 [5] Ahlberg, Per E; Johanson, Zerina; Daeschler, Edward B. The Late Devonian Lungfish Soederberghia (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) From Australia and North America and Its Biogeographical Implications. 2001, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(1), p 1-12 [6] Daeschler, Edward B. Early Tetrapod Jaws from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA. 2000, Journal of Paleontology 74(2), p 301-308 [7] Carroll, Robert L. The Origin and Early Radiation of Terrestrial Vertebrates. 2001, Journal of Paleontology 75(6), p 1203 [8] Thulborn, Tony; Warren, Anne; Turner, Susan; Hamley, Tim. Early Carboniferous Tetrapods in Australia. 1996, Nature 381, p 777-779 [9] Collinson, J W; Hammer, W R. Migration of Triassic Tetrapods to Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. 2007, Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES X; edited by Cooper, A K; Raymond, C R, et al. US Geological Survey Open File Report 2007-1047, extended abstract 047
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